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diff --git a/.cache/clangd/index/UdevDeviceMonitor.cpp.8FD4DE713A589E66.idx b/.cache/clangd/index/UdevDeviceMonitor.cpp.8FD4DE713A589E66.idx
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diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 9caca72..fcb4781 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ qt_add_executable(softbus_daemon
 
     # device bus: registry skeleton
     src/device_bus/registry/IDeviceRegistry.h
+    src/device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.h
+    src/device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.cpp
 
     # devices: base skeleton
     src/devices/base/IDevice.h
diff --git a/bin/softbus_daemon b/bin/softbus_daemon
index bfbcc83..37b5ac5 100755
Binary files a/bin/softbus_daemon and b/bin/softbus_daemon differ
diff --git a/main.cpp b/main.cpp
index 27d4e92..3b0b49b 100644
--- a/main.cpp
+++ b/main.cpp
@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@
 void signalHandler(int signal)
 {
     LOG_INFO() << "Received signal:" << signal;
+    CoreService* coreService = CoreService::instance();
+    if (coreService) {
+        coreService->shutdown();
+    }
+    
     QCoreApplication::quit();
 }
 
@@ -68,7 +73,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
         LOG_ERROR() << "CoreService initialize failed";
         return 1;
     }
-    QObject::connect(&app, &QCoreApplication::aboutToQuit, coreService, &CoreService::shutdown);
+    // QObject::connect(&app, &QCoreApplication::aboutToQuit, coreService, &CoreService::shutdown);
 
     // ========================================================================
     // 创建并注册 D-Bus 服务（仅在 CoreRouter 角色中启用）
diff --git a/src/core/CoreService.cpp b/src/core/CoreService.cpp
index c982324..034b3c5 100644
--- a/src/core/CoreService.cpp
+++ b/src/core/CoreService.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ CoreService::CoreService(QObject* parent)
 
 CoreService::~CoreService()
 {
-    shutdown();
+
 }
 
 bool CoreService::initialize()
diff --git a/src/device_bus/DeviceBus.cpp b/src/device_bus/DeviceBus.cpp
index d6cb732..d939c65 100644
--- a/src/device_bus/DeviceBus.cpp
+++ b/src/device_bus/DeviceBus.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 #include "device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.h"
 #include "device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.h"
+#include "device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.h"
 #include "device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.h"
 #include "utils/logs/logging.h"
 
@@ -14,11 +15,12 @@ namespace softbus::device_bus {
 
 class DeviceBus::Impl {
 public:
-  DeviceBusManager manager;
+  std::unique_ptr<DeviceBusManager> manager;
   std::unique_ptr<monitor::DeviceMonitorService> monitorService;
+  std::unique_ptr<registry::DeviceRegistry> registry;
   std::shared_ptr<DeviceTreeModel> treeModel;
   QString configPath;
-  bool deviceTreeDirty{false};
+  bool deviceTreeDirty{false}; // 设备树是否脏了
 };
 
 DeviceBus &DeviceBus::instance() {
@@ -34,37 +36,61 @@ DeviceBus::~DeviceBus() {
 }
 
 bool DeviceBus::initialize(const QJsonObject &rootConfig) {
-  if (!d->monitorService) {
-    d->monitorService = std::make_unique<monitor::DeviceMonitorService>(nullptr);
-    if (!d->monitorService->start()) {
-      LOG_WARNING() << "DeviceBus: device monitor service start failed";
-    }
+  if (!d) {
+    return false;
   }
 
   if (!d->treeModel) {
     d->treeModel = std::make_shared<DeviceTreeModel>();
   }
-  d->manager.setDeviceTreeModel(d->treeModel);
-  return d->manager.initialize(rootConfig);
+  if (!d->manager) {
+    d->manager = std::make_unique<DeviceBusManager>();
+  }
+  if (!d->registry) {
+    d->registry = std::make_unique<registry::DeviceRegistry>(d->treeModel);
+  }
+  d->manager->setDeviceTreeModel(d->treeModel);
+  d->manager->setRegistry(d->registry.get());
+
+  if (!d->monitorService) {
+    d->monitorService = std::make_unique<monitor::DeviceMonitorService>(nullptr);
+    d->monitorService->setRegistry(d->registry.get());
+    d->monitorService->setDirtyCallback([this]() { this->markDeviceTreeDirty(); });
+    if (!d->monitorService->start()) {
+      LOG_WARNING() << "DeviceBus: device monitor service start failed";
+    }
+  }
+  return d->manager->initialize(rootConfig);
 }
 
 void DeviceBus::shutdown() {
+  if (!d) {
+    return;
+  }
+
   if (d->monitorService) {
+    LOG_INFO() << "DeviceBus shutting down monitor service";
     d->monitorService->stop();
     d->monitorService.reset();
   }
 
-  d->manager.shutdown();
+  if (d->manager) {
+    LOG_INFO() << "DeviceBus shutting down manager";
+    d->manager->shutdown();
+  }
 
   if (!d->deviceTreeDirty) {
+    LOG_INFO() << "DeviceBus device tree dirty is false";
     return;
   }
+  
   if (d->configPath.isEmpty() || !d->treeModel) {
     return;
   }
 
   const QFileInfo fi(d->configPath);
   const QString dirPath = fi.dir().absolutePath();
+  LOG_INFO() << "DeviceBus: saving config to" << dirPath;
   if (!QDir().mkpath(dirPath)) {
     LOG_ERROR() << "DeviceBus: failed to create config dir" << dirPath;
     return;
@@ -92,18 +118,22 @@ void DeviceBus::shutdown() {
 }
 
 void DeviceBus::setConfigPath(const QString& path) {
+  if (!d) return;
   d->configPath = path;
 }
 
 QString DeviceBus::configPath() const {
+  if (!d) return {};
   return d->configPath;
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<DeviceTreeModel> DeviceBus::deviceTreeModel() const {
+  if (!d) return {};
   return d->treeModel;
 }
 
 void DeviceBus::markDeviceTreeDirty() {
+  if (!d) return;
   d->deviceTreeDirty = true;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.cpp b/src/device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.cpp
index fb5d19d..678f1eb 100644
--- a/src/device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.cpp
+++ b/src/device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #include <QJsonDocument>
 #include <QSerialPort>
-#include <algorithm>
+// #include <algorithm>
 
 #include "hardware/drivers/serial/SerialQtDriver.h"
 #include "hardware/drivers/serial/SerialCapabilities.h"
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ void DeviceBusManager::setDeviceTreeModel(std::shared_ptr<DeviceTreeModel> model
     m_treeModel = std::move(model);
 }
 
+void DeviceBusManager::setRegistry(softbus::device_bus::registry::IDeviceRegistry* registry)
+{
+    m_registry = registry;
+}
+
 bool DeviceBusManager::initialize(const QJsonObject& rootConfig)
 {
     if (!m_treeModel) {
@@ -167,4 +172,4 @@ void DeviceBusManager::shutdownSerialDevice(const QString& endpoint)
     }
 
     m_serialDevicesByEndpoint.erase(it);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
diff --git a/src/device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.h b/src/device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.h
index 7d54ac1..317a470 100644
--- a/src/device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.h
+++ b/src/device_bus/manager/DeviceBusManager.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ class DeviceBusManager
 {
 public:
     void setDeviceTreeModel(std::shared_ptr<DeviceTreeModel> model);
+    void setRegistry(softbus::device_bus::registry::IDeviceRegistry* registry);
 
     bool initialize(const QJsonObject& rootConfig);
     void shutdown();
diff --git a/src/device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.cpp b/src/device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.cpp
index 8ed8589..418bf82 100644
--- a/src/device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.cpp
+++ b/src/device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <QJsonDocument>
 
+#include "device_bus/registry/IDeviceRegistry.h"
 #include "utils/logs/logging.h"
 
 #if defined(__linux__)
@@ -57,6 +58,16 @@ void DeviceMonitorService::stop()
     m_started = false;
 }
 
+void DeviceMonitorService::setRegistry(softbus::device_bus::registry::IDeviceRegistry* registry)
+{
+    m_registry = registry;
+}
+
+void DeviceMonitorService::setDirtyCallback(std::function<void()> cb)
+{
+    m_dirtyCb = std::move(cb);
+}
+
 void DeviceMonitorService::onEvent(const DeviceEvent& ev)
 {
     // De-dup (short window): suppress identical events bursts
@@ -78,6 +89,18 @@ void DeviceMonitorService::onEvent(const DeviceEvent& ev)
     }
     m_lastEventMsByKey.insert(key, nowMs);
 
+    if (m_registry) {
+        bool changed = false;
+        if (ev.action == DeviceEventAction::Add || ev.action == DeviceEventAction::Change) {
+            changed = m_registry->upsertFromMonitorEvent(ev);
+        } else if (ev.action == DeviceEventAction::Remove) {
+            changed = m_registry->markOfflineFromMonitorEvent(ev);
+        }
+        if (changed && m_dirtyCb) {
+            m_dirtyCb();
+        }
+    }
+
     // 第一版：仅日志
     LOG_INFO() << "DeviceMonitor event"
                << "type=" << toString(ev.type)
diff --git a/src/device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.h b/src/device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.h
index bb192ef..8ecb696 100644
--- a/src/device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.h
+++ b/src/device_bus/monitor/DeviceMonitorService.h
@@ -5,9 +5,12 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <QHash>
 #include <QDateTime>
+#include <functional>
 
 #include "device_bus/monitor/IDeviceMonitor.h"
 
+namespace softbus::device_bus::registry { class IDeviceRegistry; }
+
 namespace softbus::device_bus::monitor
 {
 
@@ -20,6 +23,8 @@ public:
 
     bool start();
     void stop();
+    void setRegistry(softbus::device_bus::registry::IDeviceRegistry* registry);
+    void setDirtyCallback(std::function<void()> cb);
 
 private:
     void onEvent(const DeviceEvent& ev);
@@ -27,6 +32,8 @@ private:
 private:
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IDeviceMonitor>> m_monitors;
     bool m_started{false};
+    softbus::device_bus::registry::IDeviceRegistry* m_registry{nullptr};
+    std::function<void()> m_dirtyCb;
 
     // Lightweight de-dup: key -> last timestamp (ms)
     QHash<QString, qint64> m_lastEventMsByKey;
diff --git a/src/device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.cpp b/src/device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5937434
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+#include "device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.h"
+
+#include <QCryptographicHash>
+#include <QDateTime>
+
+#include "utils/logs/logging.h"
+
+namespace softbus::device_bus::registry
+{
+
+DeviceRegistry::DeviceRegistry(std::shared_ptr<DeviceTreeModel> treeModel)
+    : m_treeModel(std::move(treeModel))
+{
+}
+
+void DeviceRegistry::registerDevice(const softbus::devices::DeviceInfo& info)
+{
+    m_devicesById.insert(info.id, info);
+}
+
+void DeviceRegistry::unregisterDevice(int id)
+{
+    m_devicesById.remove(id);
+}
+
+std::optional<softbus::devices::DeviceInfo> DeviceRegistry::findById(int id) const
+{
+    auto it = m_devicesById.constFind(id);
+    if (it == m_devicesById.constEnd()) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return it.value();
+}
+
+std::vector<softbus::devices::DeviceInfo> DeviceRegistry::listDevices() const
+{
+    std::vector<softbus::devices::DeviceInfo> out;
+    out.reserve(m_devicesById.size());
+    for (auto it = m_devicesById.cbegin(); it != m_devicesById.cend(); ++it) {
+        out.push_back(it.value());
+    }
+    return out;
+}
+
+bool DeviceRegistry::upsertFromMonitorEvent(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev)
+{
+    if (!m_treeModel) return false;
+
+    const QString stableKey = buildStableKey(ev);
+    if (stableKey.isEmpty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const QString preferredId = buildPreferredNodeId(ev, stableKey);
+    const QString now = QDateTime::currentDateTimeUtc().toString(Qt::ISODate);
+
+    const QString nodeId = m_treeModel->upsertNodeByStableKey(
+        stableKey,
+        preferredId,
+        inferType(ev),
+        inferEndpoint(ev),
+        inferName(ev),
+        buildParams(ev),
+        true,
+        now);
+
+    if (!nodeId.isEmpty()) {
+        m_stableKeyToNodeId.insert(stableKey, nodeId);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+bool DeviceRegistry::markOfflineFromMonitorEvent(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev)
+{
+    if (!m_treeModel) return false;
+    const QString stableKey = buildStableKey(ev);
+    if (stableKey.isEmpty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    const QString now = QDateTime::currentDateTimeUtc().toString(Qt::ISODate);
+    return m_treeModel->markOfflineByStableKey(stableKey, now);
+}
+
+QString DeviceRegistry::buildStableKey(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev)
+{
+    const QString type = inferType(ev);
+
+    if (!ev.serial.isEmpty()) {
+        return type + QStringLiteral("|serial|") + ev.serial;
+    }
+
+    if (ev.type == softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEventType::NetInterface) {
+        if (!ev.ifname.isEmpty()) return type + QStringLiteral("|ifname|") + ev.ifname;
+        if (ev.ifindex >= 0) return type + QStringLiteral("|ifindex|") + QString::number(ev.ifindex);
+    }
+
+    const QString path = !ev.props.value(QStringLiteral("SYSPATH")).isEmpty()
+                         ? ev.props.value(QStringLiteral("SYSPATH"))
+                         : (!ev.devicePath.isEmpty() ? ev.devicePath : ev.devnode);
+    if (!ev.vid.isEmpty() || !ev.pid.isEmpty() || !path.isEmpty()) {
+        return type + QStringLiteral("|vpidpath|") + ev.vid + QStringLiteral(":") + ev.pid + QStringLiteral("|") + path;
+    }
+
+    if (!ev.devnode.isEmpty()) {
+        return type + QStringLiteral("|devnode|") + ev.devnode;
+    }
+    return {};
+}
+
+QString DeviceRegistry::buildPreferredNodeId(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev, const QString& stableKey)
+{
+    if (!ev.serial.isEmpty()) {
+        return QStringLiteral("dev_serial_") + ev.serial;
+    }
+
+    const QByteArray hash = QCryptographicHash::hash(stableKey.toUtf8(), QCryptographicHash::Sha1).toHex();
+    return QStringLiteral("dev_") + QString::fromUtf8(hash.left(12));
+}
+
+QString DeviceRegistry::inferType(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev)
+{
+    using softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEventType;
+    switch (ev.type) {
+    case DeviceEventType::Serial: return QStringLiteral("serial");
+    case DeviceEventType::NetInterface: return QStringLiteral("network");
+    case DeviceEventType::Storage: return QStringLiteral("storage");
+    case DeviceEventType::Usb: return QStringLiteral("usb");
+    default: return QStringLiteral("unknown");
+    }
+}
+
+QString DeviceRegistry::inferEndpoint(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev)
+{
+    if (!ev.devnode.isEmpty()) return ev.devnode;
+    if (!ev.ifname.isEmpty()) return ev.ifname;
+    if (!ev.devicePath.isEmpty()) return ev.devicePath;
+    return ev.props.value(QStringLiteral("SYSPATH"));
+}
+
+QString DeviceRegistry::inferName(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev)
+{
+    if (!ev.model.isEmpty()) return ev.model;
+    if (!ev.ifname.isEmpty()) return ev.ifname;
+    if (!ev.devnode.isEmpty()) return ev.devnode;
+    return inferType(ev);
+}
+
+QJsonObject DeviceRegistry::buildParams(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev)
+{
+    QJsonObject p;
+    p.insert(QStringLiteral("online"), true);
+    if (!ev.vid.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("vid"), ev.vid);
+    if (!ev.pid.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("pid"), ev.pid);
+    if (!ev.serial.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("serial"), ev.serial);
+    if (!ev.vendor.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("vendor"), ev.vendor);
+    if (!ev.model.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("model"), ev.model);
+    if (!ev.ifname.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("ifname"), ev.ifname);
+    if (ev.ifindex >= 0) p.insert(QStringLiteral("ifindex"), ev.ifindex);
+    if (!ev.subsystem.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("subsystem"), ev.subsystem);
+    if (!ev.devicePath.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("devicePath"), ev.devicePath);
+    if (!ev.devnode.isEmpty()) p.insert(QStringLiteral("devnode"), ev.devnode);
+    return p;
+}
+
+} // namespace softbus::device_bus::registry
+
diff --git a/src/device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.h b/src/device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf9bdb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/device_bus/registry/DeviceRegistry.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <QHash>
+#include <memory>
+#include <optional>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "device_bus/registry/IDeviceRegistry.h"
+#include "device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.h"
+
+namespace softbus::device_bus::registry
+{
+
+class DeviceRegistry : public IDeviceRegistry
+{
+public:
+    explicit DeviceRegistry(std::shared_ptr<DeviceTreeModel> treeModel);
+    ~DeviceRegistry() override = default;
+
+    void registerDevice(const softbus::devices::DeviceInfo& info) override;
+    void unregisterDevice(int id) override;
+
+    std::optional<softbus::devices::DeviceInfo> findById(int id) const override;
+    std::vector<softbus::devices::DeviceInfo> listDevices() const override;
+
+    bool upsertFromMonitorEvent(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev) override;
+    bool markOfflineFromMonitorEvent(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev) override;
+
+private:
+    static QString buildStableKey(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev);
+    static QString buildPreferredNodeId(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev, const QString& stableKey);
+    static QString inferType(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev);
+    static QString inferEndpoint(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev);
+    static QString inferName(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev);
+    static QJsonObject buildParams(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev);
+
+private:
+    std::shared_ptr<DeviceTreeModel> m_treeModel;
+    QHash<int, softbus::devices::DeviceInfo> m_devicesById;
+    QHash<QString, QString> m_stableKeyToNodeId;
+};
+
+} // namespace softbus::device_bus::registry
+
diff --git a/src/device_bus/registry/IDeviceRegistry.h b/src/device_bus/registry/IDeviceRegistry.h
index 636b39d..66f2e32 100644
--- a/src/device_bus/registry/IDeviceRegistry.h
+++ b/src/device_bus/registry/IDeviceRegistry.h
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "devices/DeviceTypes.h"
+#include "device_bus/monitor/DeviceEvent.h"
 
 namespace softbus::device_bus::registry
 {
@@ -18,6 +19,10 @@ public:
 
     virtual std::optional<softbus::devices::DeviceInfo> findById(int id) const = 0;
     virtual std::vector<softbus::devices::DeviceInfo> listDevices() const = 0;
+
+    // Monitor-driven registry APIs
+    virtual bool upsertFromMonitorEvent(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev) = 0;
+    virtual bool markOfflineFromMonitorEvent(const softbus::device_bus::monitor::DeviceEvent& ev) = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace softbus::device_bus::registry
diff --git a/src/device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.cpp b/src/device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.cpp
index e1e631c..8ede967 100644
--- a/src/device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.cpp
+++ b/src/device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.cpp
@@ -118,14 +118,96 @@ QJsonObject DeviceTreeModel::toDaemonConfigRoot() const
 
 const DeviceTreeNode* DeviceTreeModel::findById(const QString& id) const
 {
-    const auto it = m_indexById.constFind(id);
-    if (it == m_indexById.constEnd()) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-    const int index = it.value();
+    const int index = findIndexById(id);
     if (index < 0 || index >= m_nodes.size()) {
         return nullptr;
     }
     return &m_nodes.at(index);
 }
 
+int DeviceTreeModel::findIndexById(const QString& id) const
+{
+    const auto it = m_indexById.constFind(id);
+    if (it == m_indexById.constEnd()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return it.value();
+}
+
+int DeviceTreeModel::findIndexByStableKey(const QString& stableKey) const
+{
+    if (stableKey.isEmpty()) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < m_nodes.size(); ++i) {
+        const auto& n = m_nodes.at(i);
+        if (n.params.value(QStringLiteral("stableKey")).toString() == stableKey) {
+            return i;
+        }
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+QString DeviceTreeModel::upsertNodeByStableKey(const QString& stableKey,
+                                               const QString& preferredId,
+                                               const QString& type,
+                                               const QString& endpoint,
+                                               const QString& name,
+                                               const QJsonObject& extraParams,
+                                               bool online,
+                                               const QString& lastSeenTs)
+{
+    int idx = findIndexByStableKey(stableKey);
+    if (idx < 0 && !preferredId.isEmpty()) {
+        idx = findIndexById(preferredId);
+    }
+
+    if (idx < 0) {
+        DeviceTreeNode node;
+        node.id = preferredId;
+        node.type = type;
+        node.endpoint = endpoint;
+        node.name = name;
+        node.enabled = true;
+        node.params = extraParams;
+        node.params.insert(QStringLiteral("stableKey"), stableKey);
+        node.params.insert(QStringLiteral("online"), online);
+        if (!lastSeenTs.isEmpty()) {
+            node.params.insert(QStringLiteral("lastSeenTs"), lastSeenTs);
+        }
+        m_nodes.push_back(node);
+        rebuildIndex();
+        return node.id;
+    }
+
+    auto& node = m_nodes[idx];
+    if (!type.isEmpty()) node.type = type;
+    if (!endpoint.isEmpty()) node.endpoint = endpoint;
+    if (!name.isEmpty()) node.name = name;
+    node.enabled = true;
+
+    for (auto it = extraParams.begin(); it != extraParams.end(); ++it) {
+        node.params.insert(it.key(), it.value());
+    }
+    node.params.insert(QStringLiteral("stableKey"), stableKey);
+    node.params.insert(QStringLiteral("online"), online);
+    if (!lastSeenTs.isEmpty()) {
+        node.params.insert(QStringLiteral("lastSeenTs"), lastSeenTs);
+    }
+    return node.id;
+}
+
+bool DeviceTreeModel::markOfflineByStableKey(const QString& stableKey, const QString& lastSeenTs)
+{
+    const int idx = findIndexByStableKey(stableKey);
+    if (idx < 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto& node = m_nodes[idx];
+    node.params.insert(QStringLiteral("online"), false);
+    if (!lastSeenTs.isEmpty()) {
+        node.params.insert(QStringLiteral("lastSeenTs"), lastSeenTs);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
diff --git a/src/device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.h b/src/device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.h
index 7d27148..ab04948 100644
--- a/src/device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.h
+++ b/src/device_bus/tree/DeviceTreeModel.h
@@ -31,6 +31,19 @@ public:
     QVector<DeviceTreeNode>& nodesMutable() { return m_nodes; }
 
     const DeviceTreeNode* findById(const QString& id) const;
+    int findIndexById(const QString& id) const;
+    int findIndexByStableKey(const QString& stableKey) const;
+
+    // Monitor/register path: upsert or mark online/offline
+    QString upsertNodeByStableKey(const QString& stableKey,
+                                  const QString& preferredId,
+                                  const QString& type,
+                                  const QString& endpoint,
+                                  const QString& name,
+                                  const QJsonObject& extraParams,
+                                  bool online,
+                                  const QString& lastSeenTs);
+    bool markOfflineByStableKey(const QString& stableKey, const QString& lastSeenTs);
 
     // 序列化为 daemon_config.json 所需格式
     QJsonArray toDeviceTreeJson() const;